George Black, guest author, explains that by 1965, the United States escalated the conflict by deploying Marines to Da Nang to protect the airfield. This period marked the expansion of Operation Ranch Hand, a campaign focused on using technology to defeat

George Black, guest author, explains that by 1965, the United States escalated the conflict by deploying Marines to Da Nang to protect the airfield. This period marked the expansion of Operation Ranch Hand, a campaign focused on using technology to defeat the natural advantages of the Vietnamese terrain. The American military utilized herbicides to defoliate the dense triple-canopy jungles and destroy food crops that supported enemy forces. These chemicals, including Agent Orange, were initially viewed as "miracle chemicals" similar to those used on American lawns and farms. However, the production process contained a highly toxic trace element known as dioxin (TCDD). While chemical companies like Dow Chemical were aware of some health risks, the urgency of Pentagon demands led to manufacturing shortcuts that massively increased dioxin concentrations. The philosophy of the campaign was to use technology—heavy bombing and chemicals—to strip the enemy of their forest cover and block supply lines like the Ho Chi Minh Trail. This strategy also extended into Laos, which remained a secret part of the herbicide campaign. The health consequences for both Vietnamese people and American veterans would not be fully realized or addressed for decades. The Long Reckoning (2)